Instructions Watch the below public service announcements (PSAs) and use the questions below to write your application paper 3. No need to describe the theory in detail — save space for your analysis. I already knew the theory and I am mostly interested in how you apply the theory to each of these PSAs. 1. Which component of the theory of reasoned action helps to describe the persuasion strategy underpinning EACH of these three PSAs? Why? 2. How do you predict the persuasive effects of these PSAs to current smokers? Briefly explain your predictions using the theory of reasoned action. 3. What would be your suggestions to increase the persuasion effects of these PSAs if we target current smokers at GSU campus? Explain clearly why. PSA 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY7VmNv6ud8 PSA 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6hwmdZbmE PSA 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJasaMlgzNs Some suggestions: The first question asks you to tell if PSA 1 (then PSA2, then PSA 3) focuses on changing attitudes, or norms, or self-efficacy (that is perceived behavioral control) and why you think so. We know what attitude and self-efficacy mean in previous chapters. Now you learn about subjective norms. The TRA says you need these 3 factors to do something => this means persuasive messages to change behaviors should target not just attitudes, but also norms and self-efficacy. Those 3 elements predict your intention to do something. The TRA also posits that these 3 factors might vary across contexts. For example, although you hate the idea of buying a diamond ring for your future wedding, you perceive that it is a norm to do so and you can buy it with your credit card (efficacy) => you’ll buy the diamond ring because the norm is so strong (everybody expects you to do so + tradition), despite the fact that you hate the practice (particularly after reading about unethical exploitation of Africans in diamond mines and watching movies like ‘Blood Diamond’). However, in another situation, attitude may be the strongest factor influencing behavior. For example, face mask is not expensive nor difficult to wear while being effective to prevent the virus (high response efficacy), your family encourages you to wear it (norms), but you would not care because you think the virus cannot get you and wearing the mask makes you feel uncomfortable (attitude). We can clearly see that attitudes determine your mask-wearing behavior in this context, despite the presence of pro-mask norms and that you do have high mask-wearing efficacy. Then, there are many situations where we have positive attitudes and high perceived supportive norms but do not intend to do things. Example: You have positive attitude toward running to get fit, your significant others would want you to do it (norms), but you think you can’t do it because you don’t have time (self-efficacy), does self-efficacy predict your running intention? Similarly, many of us may like iPhone 12 (positive attitude) and perceive that significant others would like us to buy one (norms), but we simply don’t have the money (low efficacy) => Companies solve this problem through messages focusing on efficacy — telling us about low monthly payment options. TRA is the first version of TPB (theory of planned behavior). They are basically similar. Explanation & Answer: 2 pages Tags: communications Applications of reasoned action User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.
Reference List: Basic Rules
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.
This resource, revised according to the 7th edition APA Publication Manual, provides fundamental guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.).
Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we’ve highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.
Formatting a Reference List
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page “References” in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
Basic Rules for Most Sources
- All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
- All authors’ names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
- Authors’ first and middle names should be written as initials.
- For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with “Smith, J. M.”
- If a middle name isn’t available, just initialize the author’s first name: “Smith, J.”
- Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
- Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
- For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
- When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
- Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
- Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
- Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.
Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals
- Present journal titles in full.
- Italicize journal titles.
- Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
- For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Present instead of Past and Present.
- Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.
- This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources’ titles do not.
- Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.
- Do not italicize or underline the article title.
- Do not enclose the article title in quotes.
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
- Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
- …but you would write the journal title as follows:
- Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
Please note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.
