Purpose: to demonstrate understanding and practical application of Content Analysis research Task: to design, conduct, and present (written form) original research using Content Analysis as the research method Criteria: make sure to do an original content analysis as per chapter and provided material, present as per assignment requirements- using visual representation (per statistics chapter) Evaluation: will be based on completion, quality/thoroughness of study and report, meeting due date Breakdown: You will design and conduct a Content Analysis with a Speech Comm focus. Please refer to book chapter, class notes PPT, and iCollege content including examples, videos, and overview for this assignment. Begin with a topic and hypothesis Have a paragraph (or so) explaining what you’re doing and answering the ‘so what’ question Have operational definitions Decide on samples and unit of analysis- what they are and how many (justify) Explain categories if applicable Present findings in numerical form Analyze with at least a paragraph- include why this is important and possible future research Texts for Content Analysis can include speeches, conversations, newspaper articles or headlines, journal articles, magazine articles, interviews (print or broadcast), stand up comedy routines, movies, historical documents, advertisements, plays/shows, song lyrics, concert productions, books (or parts of books), essays, discussions or lectures, conversations, video games, informal conversation, texts, tweets, or posts, cartoon strips (typically any occurrence of communicative language- verbal, nonverbal, etc). So that is massively broad. Examples of ways to narrow down: By type of text (headlines for newspaper articles or only the magazine covers or childrens books) By topic (tweets w/ a certain hashtag) By time frame By geographic area By audience (only convos between x person and y person) By speaker (only what a certain character says or does) It is your job to justify those choices- everything has to be done with a purpose. Other ways to think about purpose and approach: Stereotyping in the media: Gender roles, gender representations, Sexuality representations Normalization of behavior: Violence, guns, alcohol, dress Representations of trends: language trends, fashion trends, product trends In a more specific way, some examples might be: Mention of ‘God’ in awards shows thank yous comparison from now to 10 or 20 years ago- or from one award show to another- how many times does God get first mention? Reference to alcohol in music: can specify — beer & country music name brands in rap getting ‘drunk’ in pop music Jokes about obesity in a particular sit com Jokes about an issue in Late Night tv How many times someone is blown-up in the trailer of a video game; perhaps coded by how much damage, inflicted by accident (roadside bomb) as opposed to shot by player References to locker room ‘culture’ when NFL journalists talk about/justify/excuse bullying Comparison between use of the terms global warming and climate change Or words like ‘upcycle’ References to ‘cost saving meals’ on the food channel- historical (now vs 5 years ago) or from show to show Or, reference to story telling when discussing cooking- or use of literary terms to analyze food Trends in job ads online and what requirements are popular, or what buzz words are trending You can use visual as well- so verbal or nonverbal *So when I say: brainstorm for ideas — start with your major and your interests, you should come up with a list like that. Print ads in magazines might be coded by size- full page vs ¼ page, color vs black and white SO, a full page ad might count as 1, and a half page ad as ½. Do you give the same ‘count’ or score to a color ad as a black and white one? Is it easier to give a full page ad a 4 and a ¼ page ad a 1? Those are decisions you need to make. Steps: Research Question/Hypothesis Choose texts you’ll be analyzing Define catagories/units Develop coding rules ‘Count’ (chart) Analyze results (graph) Draw conclusions What you submit can be as simple as: Intro paragraph Body: explaining what you did, what you analyzed, chart, graph Conclusion (meaning 2 pages max w/visual representations, depending on your research design) Explanation & Answer: 3 pages Tags: communications spreading misinformation User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.
Reference List: Basic Rules
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.
This resource, revised according to the 7th edition APA Publication Manual, provides fundamental guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.).
Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we’ve highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.
Formatting a Reference List
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page “References” in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
Basic Rules for Most Sources
- All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
- All authors’ names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
- Authors’ first and middle names should be written as initials.
- For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with “Smith, J. M.”
- If a middle name isn’t available, just initialize the author’s first name: “Smith, J.”
- Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
- Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
- For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
- When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
- Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
- Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
- Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.
Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals
- Present journal titles in full.
- Italicize journal titles.
- Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
- For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Present instead of Past and Present.
- Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.
- This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources’ titles do not.
- Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.
- Do not italicize or underline the article title.
- Do not enclose the article title in quotes.
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
- Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
- …but you would write the journal title as follows:
- Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
Please note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.
