How does your book state about paraphilias? Research a paraphilia (pick ONE) that you find interesting, strange, etc. What symptoms or actions define this paraphilia? Give advantages and disadvantages of it. For example: advantage- can someone make money from something like this? Is it easy to find a partner willing to engage in this or is it considered more extreme? Are there sites or groups dedicated to this?  Disadvantages- Is this paraphilia taboo or is it more accepted in our society? Is it illegal? Can it disrupt mental health? These are examples, do not feel limited to these.
CHAPTER 14:
PARAPHILIC DISORDERS:
ATYPICAL SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
Roger R. Hock
? An Early Account of Paraphilias
? Psychopathia Sexualis, 1886
?
Study of sexual pathology
? Very atypical behaviors
?
Some seen today as “normal”
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Basic Criteria
for a Paraphilia
• Sexually arousing
• Compulsive
behavior
• Pathological
DEFINING PARAPHILIAS
? Meets all three of the following criteria:
? Purpose of sexual arousal or gratification
? Compulsive and recurrent
? Clear majority of people would consider behavior deviant or
pathological
DEFINING PARAPHILIAS
FIGURE 14.1
CRITERIA FOR
DETERMINING A
PARAPHILIA
? Clinical Criteria for Paraphilic Disorders
? Paraphilia involving distress to the diagnosed person and/or lack of
consent of the victim
? DSM-V specific paraphilias
DEFINING PARAPHILIAS
? Is Sexual Addiction a Paraphilic Disorder?
? No
? Hypersexual disorder
? So-called “sex addicts”
?
Excessive time planning and engaging in sexual behavior
? Society’s Criteria for Judging Paraphilias
? The behavior is harmful or destructive to the person engaging in it.
? The behavior is illegal.
? The behavior interferes with relationships.
? The behavior involves another person without that person’s consent.
DEFINING PARAPHILIAS
? Gender and Paraphilias
? Why just men?
?
Overly simplistic explanation that men have a stronger sexual drive
?
In most Western cultures, males are given greater “permission”
?
Not to imply that women never engage in paraphilias
? Evaluating sexual research: How biased are sexual data?
MEN AND WOMEN AND PARAPHILIC
DISORDERS
? Psychodynamic Theories of Paraphilias
? Rest on the theories of Sigmund Freud
? Connections between childhood traumas and dysfunctional adult
behavior are rarely simplistic
? Most modern-day psychologists find little validity in this.
? Behavioral Theories of Paraphilias
? Classical conditioning
? Sexual learning process is further strengthened through operant
conditioning
?
Reinforcement
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARAPHILIAS
BEHAVIOR
THEORIES PROPOSE
THAT PARAPHILIAS
BEGIN WITH THE
PAIRING OF A
PARTICULAR EVENT
WITH SEXUAL
AROUSAL.
? Biological Theories of Paraphilias
? Hormone hypothesis
?
Imbalances in two biochemical systems
? Relationship among hormones, neurotransmitters, and paraphilias
? Reconciling the three theoretical approaches
? Any two or even all three approaches may be combined into a
cohesive explanation
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARAPHILIAS
FIGURE 14.2 ADRENALINE
LEVELS IN PEDOPHILES
VERSUS NORMAL
CONTROLS
CONVICTED PEDOPHILES
PRODUCED MORE
ADRENALINE THAN A
NORMAL CONTROL
GROUP, WHICH MAY
PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR A
BIOLOGICAL
FOUNDATION IN
PEDOPHILIC DISORDER.
SOURCE: ADAPTED FROM
DATA IN MAES ET AL.
(2001).
? Victimizing
? Voyeuristic disorder
?
Watching others undress or engage in sexual activities without their
knowledge
? Exhibitionistic disorder
?
Displaying one’s genitals to others without the victims’ consent.
SPECIFIC PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
THE EXHIBITIONIST IS
SEXUALLY AROUSED BY
EXPOSING HIS
GENITALS TO
UNSUSPECTING
VICTIMS.
? Victimizing
? Frotteuristic disorder
?
Rubbing one’s genitals against a nonconsenting person
? Sexual sadism disorder
?
Inflicting pain, injury, or humiliation on another person
?
Sadomasochism
?
BDSM
SPECIFIC PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
FROTTEURISM
INVOLVES
RUBBING ONE’S
GENITALS AGAINST
A
NONCONSENTING
VICTIM.
? Victimizing
? Pedophilic disorder
?
Pattern of exploitation of prepubescent children for an adult’s sexual
purposes
? Sexuality and Culture: Overcoming the Catholic Priest Pedophilia
Scandals: The Role of Psychology
SPECIFIC PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
FIGURE 14.3 CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE RATES IN THE U.S., 1990–2011
SOURCE: DATA FROM FINKELHOR, JONES, & SHATTUCK (2013).
? Nonvictimizing
? Sexual masochism order
?
Associated with acts or fantasies of being hurt or humiliated
SPECIFIC PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
SADOMASOCHISTS
ARE SEXUALLY
AROUSED BY
GAMES INVOLVING
PAIN, BONDAGE,
AND HUMILIATION.
? Nonvictimizing
? Autoerotic asphyxiation disorder
?
Depriving the brain of oxygen, usually through some form of
strangulation or hanging, during masturbation
?
Hypoxyphilia
? Engaged in by a couple, where one chokes the other
? Nonvictimizing
? Fetishistic disorder
?
Sexual preference for a nonhuman object or a body part that most
members of a culture do not consider sexual
?
Shoes and boots, women’s underwear and lingerie, rubber or latex
objects, and feet and toes
SPECIFIC PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
SHOES, LINGERIE,
AND TYPICALLY
NONSEXUAL BODY
PARTS ARE AMONG
THE MOST COMMON
FETISH OBJECTS.
? Nonvictimizing
? Transvestic disorder
?
Obtains sexual gratification by wearing female clothing
?
Most transvestites (70% to 90%) are heterosexual men
?
Typically not interested in changing their behavior
?
Most are afraid of being caught or found out
SPECIFIC PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
MOST
TRANSVESTITES FEEL
THAT CROSS
DRESSING ALLOWS
THEM TO EXPRESS
AN IMPORTANT
PART OF THEIR
SEXUAL
PERSONALITY.
?
?
?
Who Seeks Treatment
?
Court-ordered
?
Self-distress
?
Relationship distress
?
Distress due to sexual dysfunction
Types of Treatment
?
Psychotherapy
?
Orgasmic reconditioning
?
Drug therapy
Effectiveness of Treatment for Paraphilic Disorders
?
Marginally effective at best
?
Research is inadequate
TREATMENT OF PARAPHILIAS