Investigating Fair-Mindedness and the Intellectual Standards in Critical Thinking Paul and Elder (2013) argue that critical thinking includes fair-mindedness, intellectual standards, the elements of reason, and Socratic questioning. They also present an interactive model of the Standards of Thinking and Elements of reasoning at this link which should be very useful to the discussions: http://www.criticalthinking.org/ctmodel/logic-model1.htm (Links to an external site.) Choose from one of the two options below to answer as part of your initial post for this discussion. Be sure to first include with your response the question you are addressing and then your response, as you address both questions within your initial post. Option 1 What attributes are associated with being a fair-minded thinker? How do the intellectual traits assist in this process? (Paul & Elder, 2013)? You may refer to the link to address the traits with your response: https://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/valuable-intellectual-traits/528 (Links to an external site.) Paul and Elder (2013) argued that the intellectual standards provide structure for critical thinking. Which of these standards is most difficult for you? Why? Option 2 Paul and Elder (2013) argued that the elements of reason are a central part of understanding the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of one’s thinking. Which of these elements do you need to explore in more depth? Give an example where Socratic questioning could help you improve critical thinking in your personal or professional life. What questions could you ask to improve your thinking (Paul & Elder, 2008)? 2. Module 1 Milestone Directions: Critical Thinking Topic (ONLY 3 paragraphs) Submit a three-paragraph overview of your critical thinking topic that addresses the following: We are going to choose the pay gap between men and women. We are going to come from the place that I am a 42 year old female and I have had a successful career in sales for 25 years. My last job I was recommended for by the man leaving the position. I was offered the job but I also knew what he was making for the role and I was offered $20k less. SO come from that perspective. What is your topic? Why is this topic of interest to you? What critical questions do you have on this topic? How might you narrow your topic to think more clearly and carefully about issues related to your topic? Explanation & Answer: 400 words Tags: wage discrimination wage gap successful career User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.
Reference List: Basic Rules
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.
This resource, revised according to the 7th edition APA Publication Manual, provides fundamental guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.).
Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we’ve highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.
Formatting a Reference List
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page “References” in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
Basic Rules for Most Sources
- All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
- All authors’ names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
- Authors’ first and middle names should be written as initials.
- For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with “Smith, J. M.”
- If a middle name isn’t available, just initialize the author’s first name: “Smith, J.”
- Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
- Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
- For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
- When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
- Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
- Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
- Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.
Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals
- Present journal titles in full.
- Italicize journal titles.
- Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
- For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Present instead of Past and Present.
- Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.
- This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources’ titles do not.
- Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.
- Do not italicize or underline the article title.
- Do not enclose the article title in quotes.
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
- Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
- …but you would write the journal title as follows:
- Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
Please note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.
