Watch this video: Amy Cuddy TED Talk – Fake it Till You Make it (Links to an external site.) Answer the following questions: What are some examples of nonverbal expressions of power and dominance, according to Dr. Cuddy? Provide an interpersonal example of when you expressed power/dominance non-verbally. How do our nonverbal behaviors govern how we think and feel about ourselves? What is ‘power posing’? Provide examples of powerful and powerless poses from the video. Also, give an example when “power-posing” might help you in your everyday interactions. ‘Tiny Tweaks can lead to big changes’what is the speaker referring to here? What “tweaks” will you make to improve communication? 1. According to Dr. Cuddy, some examples of nonverbal expression of power and dominance include making your body big and opening up like extending out your arms. I think every time I walk somewhere in public by myself, I try to present myself as ‘powerful’ or tough. I actually feel scared walking by myself most of the time but like Dr. Cuddy said, you have to fake it till you make it. I walk with my back straight and my arms next to me instead of in my pockets or crossed together so people do not bother me. I am not even sure it works but it is worth a try. Our nonverbal behaviour can actually trick our minds into thinking we actually feel certain ways. Like if we smile for a picture, it will actually make us feel happy or when people pretend to be powerful they tend to actually feel more powerful. Our bodies can change our minds and vice versa. Power posing is when you fix your posture in a way that will make you feel more empowered. Powerful poses include making yourself bigger or putting your hands on your hips or in the air. According to the authors of Interplay, your nonverbal behavior can affect your feelings and emotions (chapter 6, page 175.) Rosenfeld, Proctor II and Adler state, ‘Adopting expansive poses such as hands on hips or spreading out your arms can increase your sense of power (Carney et a., 2010)… Holding these postures for just two minutes creates chemical changes in the body- higher testosterone and lower cortisol’ (chapter 6, page 175.) Power posing can help you in any situation where you need confidence like a job interview, a presentation or even when meeting new people. Tiny tweaks can make big changes means that you can make small changes in your life that will later better help you. Some tweaks you can make to improve communication is to be more empathetic towards others. Be aware of their lives, beliefs and just know that they may have different ways of communicating than you. Also, being more confident in yourself and using these power poses to help benefit your interaction with others, especially if you are a shy person like me. The concept of ‘two minutes’ is that you take two minutes out of your day to practice power poses so you can feel more empowered. I think the ‘two minutes’ can be used with any positive action you use to empower yourself like a daily affirmation or breathing exercises. I have done these power poses or as I like to call it, the ‘wonder woman pose’, for just 2 days and I had so much improvement in my day. The pose paired up with a positive message to myself started my day on a positive note and set the tone for the rest of my day. 2. In the Ted Talk video called Your Body Language May Shape What You Are, according to Dr. Cuddy, some nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are body language, such as sitting with your body spread out and relax. Another position is standing with your shoulders straight and hands on your hips, otherwise known as the wonder women pose. I have done this pose any times when talking to my brothers. For the main reason to show them that I do not submit to them just because they are older and bigger than I am. How we feel inside governs the way we express ourselves in a nonverbal way. In the textbook in chapter six, page 175 it talks about holding certain postures for just two minutes will affect the body chemically as a result of higher testosterone and lower cortisol. These kinds of poses are what are referred to as power posing. Some of the power poses that were presented in the video was such as sitting laid back and your body spread out, or standing with your arms in the air, feet shoulder length apart and back straight. In the video, there are photos of people hugging themselves and curled into themselves. These are examples of powerless poses. There are many times I could do a power-posing might help me but one good time to do a few is when I am leaving the house for the store and my anxiety keeps me from walking through the front door. In the video, Dr. Cuddy talks about tiny tweaks that lead to big changes, the speaker is referring to that if you make some tiny change in your posture, such as relaxing your shoulders or straightening the back, can make big changes in how others perceive you and how you perceive yourself. When I am communicating with someone, some of the tweaks that I could do to improve myself would be number one not hide within myself, as in close my body off from the other by crossing my arms and hunching over into myself. Another thing that I could do is try and keep eye contact as long as possible. The concept of ‘two minutes’ is to take two minutes for yourself. In this time of two minutes, you would do anything to improve yourself in ways that need to be improved, such as a small pep-talk or deep breathing exercises. I know these kinds of things would help me interact with others by helping with my anxiety. Tags: ted talk Non verbal behaviors Nonverbal Expressions Student has agreed that all tutoring, explanations, and answers provided by the tutor will be used to help in the learning process and in accordance with Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.
Reference List: Basic Rules
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.
This resource, revised according to the 7th edition APA Publication Manual, provides fundamental guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.).
Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we’ve highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.
Formatting a Reference List
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page “References” in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
Basic Rules for Most Sources
- All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
- All authors’ names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
- Authors’ first and middle names should be written as initials.
- For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with “Smith, J. M.”
- If a middle name isn’t available, just initialize the author’s first name: “Smith, J.”
- Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
- Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
- For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
- When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
- Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
- Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
- Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.
Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals
- Present journal titles in full.
- Italicize journal titles.
- Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
- For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Present instead of Past and Present.
- Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.
- This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources’ titles do not.
- Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.
- Do not italicize or underline the article title.
- Do not enclose the article title in quotes.
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
- Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
- …but you would write the journal title as follows:
- Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
Please note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.
