COU301A: Working with Addicted Populations
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COU301A
Working with Addicted Populations
Working with Addicted Populations Working with Addicted Populatio
© All rights reserved. Provider: Think Colleges Pty Ltd t/a Jansen Newman Institute,
ABN: 93 050 049 299, CRICOS: 00246M, RTO: 02697
1
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Week 1
Theories of addiction 1: Genetic and biological
theories of addiction
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Week 1: Theories of addiction 1: genetic and biological theories of
addiction.
Week overview
This section provides you with the foundation definitions of use, abuse and addiction. You
will examine and have opportunity to critically analyse the main models that are applied to
this field of study, including the various theories or models of addiction: disease, moral,
pharmacotherapy, psychological,social, developmental-learning and neuroscience ‘models’.
Substances that are commonly abused in Australian culture are included. This section also
enables you to revisit some of the counselling theories as they apply to use, abuse and
addiction.
Learning outcomes
On successful completion of this week, you should be able to:
?
Identify and describe the different forms of addiction
?
Critically examine and compare different theoretical frameworks and models used for
understanding and addressing addictive behaviours
?
Appraise the harms associated with different forms of addiction
?
Discuss the different factors determining and shaping addictive behaviours and
practices
?
Understand theoretical models of dependency and their underpinning assumptions
Prescribed textbook reading
Erickson, C. (2011), pp. 1–10.
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Defining Use, Abuse, Dependence and Addiction
The continuum between drug use, abuse, dependency and addiction can be a useful way to
start approaching this field of study. This continuum is often used as a way of talking about
drug-taking behaviours. Whilst this can provide a degree of clarity, there is no defined point
at which drug use becomes problematic for a given individual. Nevertheless, it can be a
useful way of thinking about the process by which addiction can develop. Many scholars,
including Carlo DiClemente (2006), use this as a framework for understanding and
describing the development of addiction. You will learn about this in detail as the course unit
progresses.
Use
Abuse
Addiction
Any use.
Inappropriate use.
Characterised by lack of
control over drug use,
continued use in the face
of harm, or a compulsion
to use or both.
Use
Use, as the term implies, is any use of a drug. Most people use drugs in one form or another –
whether it be a prescribed or over-the-counter medication, tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, or illicit
drugs such as cannabis & amphetamines. This is not to say that this end of the continuum
presents no harm. As the Australian Drug Foundation (2010) notes, (T)here is no safe level of
drug use. Use of any drug always carries some risk—even medications can produce unwanted
side effects.
Abuse
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)
(2013) defines this category as ‘Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders’ (American
Psychiatric Association, p. 481). Substance abuse and dependence refer to any continued
pathological use of a medication, non-medically indicated drug (called drugs of abuse) or
toxin and these include any pattern of substance use that results in repeated adverse social
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consequences related to drug-taking. For example, these could be interpersonal conflicts,
failure to meet work, family or school obligations, or legal problems.
Substance abuse is more likely to be diagnosed among those who have just begun taking
drugs. It is often an early symptom of substance dependence. However, substance
dependence can appear without substance abuse, and substance abuse can persist for
extended periods of time without a transition to substance dependence.
Addiction or dependency
Substance dependence, commonly known as addiction, is characterised by physiological and
behavioural symptoms that relate to substance use. These symptoms include the need for
increasing amounts of the substance to maintain desired effects, withdrawal if drug-taking
ceases, and a great deal of time spent in activities related to substance use.
The term ‘substance’, when discussed in the context of substance abuse and dependence,
refers to medications, drugs of abuse, and toxins. These substances have an intoxicating
effect, desired by the user, which can have either stimulating (speeding up) or
depressive/sedating (slowing down) effects on the body. Substance dependence and/or abuse
can involve any of the following 10 classes of substances:
•
alcohol
•
amphetamines (including ‘crystal meth’, some medications used in the treatment of
attention deficit disorder [ADD], and amphetamine-like substances found in appetite
suppressants)
•
cannabis
•
cocaine
•
hallucinogens (including LSD, mescaline, and MDMA [‘ecstasy’])
•
inhalants (including compounds found in gasoline, glue and paint thinners)
•
nicotine (substance dependence only)
•
opioids (including morphine, heroin, codeine, methadone and oxycodone [Oxycontin
(TM)])
•
phencyclidine (including PCP, angel dust, ketamine)
•
sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) substances (including benzodiazepines
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such as valium, prescription sleeping medications, and most prescription anti-anxiety
medications)
___________________________________________________________________________
Drug use in Australia
Understanding the nature of drug use in Australia will give you some of the key foundation
knowledge you need in order to initiate yourselves in this area. Comprehensive statistics on
drug use in Australia are available on the Australian Drug Foundation website.
Theories of addiction
In the addiction field there are many models from which the treatment community views
AOD (alcohol and other drug) problems, currently referred to as substance abuse. This is
important, as these are the ways that people think of drug and alcohol abuse (AODA). The
perspective of the potential client and that of his or her family tend to indicate which
approach will benefit the person long-term. A less categorical approach is currently the
favoured trend, in which the problem is viewed from many perspectives, in AOD treatment.
Below are some of the major categorical classifications of substance-abuse perspectives in a
developmental context. They will familiarise you with some of the more common and
prominent philosophies in substance abuse.
Disease/medical model
The disease/medical model views substance abuse and addiction as an illness, just like any
other. The idea is that the person has no control over their illness whatsoever and they must
rely on medical treatments to find a solution. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics
Anonymous and other 12-step programs work, in part, from this model. The belief of those
who support this model is that while alcoholism and addiction cannot be cured, abstaining
from the substance that the individual is addicted to can arrest such conditions.
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Pharmacotherapy
This perspective views the main issue as being the effect of the substance on the Central
Nervous System (CNS). Thus, it focuses on replacing the problematic substance with a
regulated substance, for controlled use. The replacement substance acts on the CNS to
provide relief from withdrawal and, in many cases, craving. A common example is the use of
nicotine patches, or gum, as a replacement therapy for the nicotine derived from smoking.
You will learn more about the effects of different substances on the CNS as you proceed
through this study guide.
Psychological theories
Historic psychological models that stem from Sigmund Freud’s research placed the emphasis
for addiction on subconscious processes. Freud saw all addictions (chemical, behavioural,
etc.) as substitutes for primitive sexual urges, which created an internal conflict and increased
guilt, which is reenacted through the addictive cycle. Since Freud, most of the major
psychoanalytic-based theories of addiction continue to view it as the result of other deeply
buried conflicts sometimes also related to sexual issues, or an acting out of aggression or
rage, as well as ways of coping with fears, dependency needs and countering feelings of
powerlessness.
Other psychodynamic approaches attempt to address the addictive personality and those traits
associated with it; immaturity, grandiosity, low self-esteem and an unwillingness to face
reality (Kissin, 1977). Self-psychology attempts to incorporate most of the other
psychodynamic theories of addiction (especially psychoanalytic) under the umbrella of
addiction as a disturbance of the experience of the self, and in particular, that the individual is
stuck in the archaic self, an immature stage in which the individual suffers from narcissism
and can’t relinquish that identity. In contrast to the psychodynamic approaches, Gestalt
therapy views addiction as an intrapsychic and relational issue, attributing responsibility to
possible environmental ineptitudes.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) views addiction as a coping mechanism developed to
cope with stirred-up emotions created by negative thought patterns, and thereby attempts to
help the addict identify those patterns and change them.
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Moral model
The moral model states that addictions are the result of human weakness, and are defects of
character. Those who advance this model do not accept that there is any biological basis for
addiction. They often have scant sympathy for people with serious addictions, believing
either that a person with greater moral strength could have the force of will to break an
addiction, or that the addict demonstrated a great moral failure in the first place by starting
the addiction. The moral model is widely applied to dependency on illegal substances,
perhaps purely for social or political reasons, but is no longer widely considered to have any
therapeutic value.
Social model
The social model recognises that the influence of culture is a strong determinant of whether
or not individuals fall prey to certain addictions. For example, alcoholism is rare among
Saudi Arabians, where obtaining alcohol is difficult and using alcohol is prohibited. In the
United States of America, on the other hand, the incidence of gambling addictions soared in
the last two decades of the 20th century, mirroring the growth of the gaming industry. Half of
all patients diagnosed as alcoholic are born into families where alcohol is used heavily,
suggesting that familiar influence, genetic factors— more likely both—play a role in the
development of addiction.
Developmental-learning
The Developmental-Learning Theory recognises that addiction is a learned behaviour. The
learning process occurs in a predictable and established pattern. The addictive behaviours
gets associated with other behaviours, for example, it is Friday afternoon and it is the end of
the working week, it is time for consuming alcohol. Repeating over time this behaviour,
Friday afternoon and the end of the working week will be associated with the consumption of
alcohol.
Neuroscience
Links addiction with structural vulnerability of the brain towards addictive substances. Not
everyone has the same vulnerability. Genetics and life circumstances play a role in how each
person’s brain is vulnerable to addictive substances.
Summary
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This subject has provided an introduction to addiction and theories of addiction. There are
various perspectives on addiction including the Disease model, the Social model the Moral
model, Developmental-learning and t Neuroscience. Substances that are commonly abused
in Australian culture are included. Students are encouraged to critically analyse the various
models and consider how each model might influence counselling practice.
Online resources
This short reading will provide you with an overview of the Disease model.
http://www.drinkanddrugs.net/backgroundinformation/briefings/sept2506/background_briefi
ng.pdf
This reading provides you with a comprehensive overview of drug use in Australia.
http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/drugs-the-facts#use
Read the information on the landing page, and then click ‘Find statistics on drug use in
Australia’. You will need to read the ‘Quick statistics’ in order to be able to complete the
activities for this section. Of course, you can also browse any additional information on the
site if you wish.
Reading 1.1
The following reading further explains what is addiction and the typical progression of
patterns that are associated with addiction.
Access the following reading via the learning portal.
Monroe, J. (1996) What is addiction? Current Health 2, a weekly reader publication Jan.
1996: 16+. . Retrieved from GeneralOneFile 22 February 2014:
To retrieve this reading, visit the ‘Online Library’ resource area in the learning portal. Select
‘Gale Database’ under ‘Databases’. Use the search function and details listed above to locate
this article.
Reading 1.2
The following article discusses the disease model of addiction.
Access the following reading via the learning portal.
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Leyton, M. (2013). Are addictions diseases or choices? Journal of Psychiatry &
Neuroscience: JPN, 38(4), 219–21. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1420402089?accountid=112781
To retrieve this reading, visit the ‘Online Library’ resource area in the learning portal. Select
‘Pro-Quest Database’ under ‘Databases’. Use the search function and details listed above to
locate this article.
Reading 1.3
This article provides an overview on literature available regarding treating addictions.
Access the following reading via the learning portal.
Blobaum, P. (2013). Mapping the literature of addictions treatment. Journal of the Medical
Library Association, 101(2), 101–9. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1491274241?accountid=112781
To retrieve this reading, visit the ‘Online Library’ resource area in the learning portal. Select
‘Pro-Quest Database’ under ‘Databases’. Use the search function and details listed above to
locate this article.
Reading 1.4
The following reading looks at the genetic link that may underlie addictions:
Access the following reading via the learning portal.
Goldman, D., Oroszi, G., & Ducci, F. (2005). The genetics of addictions: Uncovering the
genes. Nature Reviews.Genetics, 6(7), 521–32. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1635
To retrieve this reading, visit the ‘Online Library’ resource area in the learning portal. Select
‘Pro-Quest Database’ under ‘Database Collections’. Use the search function and details listed
above to locate this article.
Activity 1.1
Go to the Blackboard page to access Activity 1.1.
Activity 1.2
Go to the Blackboard page to access Activity 1.2.
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Activity 1.3
Go to the Blackboard page to access Activity 1.3.
Activity 1.4
Go to the Blackboard page to access Activity 1.4.
Resources
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-V; 5th ed., text rev) ,Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
Dowd, E.T. and Rugle, L. (eds.). (2007). Substance Abuse: a practitioner’s guide to
comparative treatments. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
Jarvis, T., Tebbutt, J., Mattick, R. (1995) Treatment Approaches for Alcohol and Drug
Dependence: An introductory guide. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
Rotgers, F., Morgenstern, J. & Walters, S. T. (eds.) 2006. Treating Substance Abuse: Theory
and Technique, 2nd ed., New York: Guilford Press.
Sussman, S., & Sussman, A. N. (2011). Considering the Definition of Addiction.
International Journal for Environmental and Research Public Health, 8 (10), 4025–4038.
Vocci, F.J., Acri, J., and Elkashef, A. (2005). Medication development for addictive
disorders: The state of the science. Am J Psychiatry, 162:1432–1440.
Extension readings and resources
The Australian Drug Foundation – DrugInfo. (2014). Drugs – the facts, Melbourne. Retrieved
from: http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/drugs-the-facts
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Clark, D. (2006). The disease model of addiction, London. Retrieved from:
http://www.drinkanddrugs.net/backgroundinformation/briefings/sept2506/background_briefi
ng.pdf (accessed 24 Jan 2014).
Dombeck, M. and Wells-Moran, J. (2006). Humanistic theory, Columbus, OH. Retrieved
from: http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=9714&cn=353 (accessed
14 June 2011).
Edwards, G. & Arif, A. (eds) (1980). Drug problems in the sociocultural context: a basis for
policies and programme planning, World Health Organization, Geneva.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/php/WHO_PHP_73_(chp1-chp4).pdf
Ellis, E. n.d. Emotional disturbance and its treatment in a nutshell. Retrieved from:
http://www.rebt.org/emo_disturbance.pdf (accessed 14 June 2011).
Psychtreatment.com. (2005). Substance abuse: From a social and cultural view, St Charles,
MO. Available: http://www.psychtreatment.com/substance_abuse_social_cultural_view.htm
Now that you have completed this week, visit the learning portal to participate in the latest
discussion forum and to check your progress by completing the self-check questions.
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COU301A
Working with Addicted Populations
Working with Addicted Populations Working with
© All rights reserved. Provider: Think Colleges Pty Ltd t/a Jansen Newman Institute,
ABN: 93 050 049 299, CRICOS: 00246M, RTO: 02697
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COU301A: Working with Addicted Populations
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Week 4
Pharmacology of addictive substances
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Week 4: Pharmacology of addictive substances
Week overview
In this section, you are introduced to the history of substances and how the use of some
substances has become illegal. Building on your studies in previous weeks, you will
consolidate and extend your knowledge of neurobiology. In particular, you learn about the
effects of the various substances on the CNS, at the cell membrane level. Related to this, you
learn about the modes of action of some of the pharmacotherapies that can be used in
conjunction with other supports including counselling. This section contains many
interactivities to help reinforce your learning.
Learning outcomes
On the successful completion of this subject, you should be able to:
?
Articulate the history of substance use, and societal attitudes towards it
?
Understand the history of the science of use, abuse and addiction
?
Identify the pharmacology of the various substances of abuse
?
Describe the modes of action of various pharmacotherapies
Prescribed textbook reading
Erickson, C. (2011), pp. 37– 44.
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Pharmacology of addictive substances
Studies on the pharmacology of addiction focus on the properties of addictive drugs as they
interact with the brain and on potential drug treatments for addiction. The use of non-invasive
brain-imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), allows researchers to watch how the brain responds to
doses of a drug.
Researchers at Harvard used fMRI to study how the brain responds as a person experiences a
dose of cocaine. This novel technique opens up a new area of potential research. However
genetic predisposition and gender differences are also some of the areas where more research
is needed.
We are now able to watch what happens to the brain during the various phases of drug use.
Different parts of the brain were activated during these phases. For example, the cortex and
limbic system were activated during the initial ‘rush’, but at times, when subjects reported
feelings of craving, the nucleus accumbens was activated. The nucleus accumbens is part of
the pleasure centre of the brain that has been implicated in the reinforcing properties of
addictive drugs.
Drug dependence
There are two types of drug dependence: physical and psychological dependence.
Physical dependence
Physical dependence is a condition in which the body has adjusted to the presence of a drug,
resulting in clear symptoms of withdrawal when the person ceases using the drug.. In extreme
cases, the effect of rapid withdrawal can be life-threatening because the body has become so
dependent on the drug as to interfere with normal body processes.
An individual who is physically dependent on a drug requires that drug in order to function
normally. Physical dependence is associated with tolerance in most cases, whereby the state of
physical dependence is revealed by withdrawing the drug and noting the occurrence of
withdrawal symptoms some time after the drug is withheld. The symptoms of withdrawal can
be terminated by re-administration of the drug.
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Symptoms of drug withdrawal tend to be the opposite of the effects of the drug. If the effect of
the drug is sedation, the withdrawal effect will likely be hyperexcitability. If the effect was
stimulation, the withdrawal effect most likely will be emotional depression.
Longer acting drugs tend to produce less intense withdrawal symptoms because the body has
more time to adapt to the decreasing presence of the drug.
Psychological dependence
This kind of dependence is characterised by emotional and mental preoccupation with the
drug’s effects and by a persistent craving for it. The symptoms displayed are not physical
symptoms and craving seems to be the most common withdrawal symptom.
Psychological dependence is usually manifested by compulsive drug-taking, but the frequency
and pattern of use can differ considerably from one individual to another.
The history of substance use
Whilst some people regard addictions as a product of modern-day living, the fact is that
substances to which people become addicted have been in existence for many centuries. In
previous centuries, the true nature of the substances (or their addictive nature) or the
neurobiology of addictions were not known. Therefore the true extent of the addiction or the
damage vented on the individual went largely unrecognised.
Addictive substances have been around since ancient history, where many cultures were
aware of drugs that changed ‘the mental state’ and many mood-altering and hallucinogenic
substances were used as a method of obtaining a profound spiritual experience, enabling
individuals to get ‘closer to their God’.
Addiction to narcotics was originally described by Theorists in the 16th to 19th centuries,
although there was no differentiation in addiction to various substances. Therefore addiction
was viewed as addiction, and not isolated in terms of alcohol, drugs, coffee or snuff, for
example. In 1877 Levinstein, a German physician, was the first person to describe drug
addiction in detail, but the concept of addiction was only thoroughly identified and
understood by physicians in the Western world in the 19th century.
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To give you an appreciation of the history of the use of substances, consider the table below:
Country
Substance
Pre 20th century
Ancient Egypt
Existing pictographs show Egyptians crushing, pressing and
mixing the entheogen blue lotus with wine. This led to
euphoria.
Greece
The cults of Demeter and Persephone initiated recruits
using the drink Kykeon. Scholars believed that the barley
used for the drink was parasitised by the psychoactive
fungus ergot. Drinking Kykeon ensured that these recruits
would be propelled into a state where their minds would
find substantial spiritual revelations.
America
The peyote cactus was used by many traditional cultures, as
were psilocybin, or magic, mushrooms, and the seeds of
several morning glories and other native plants to induce
hallucinogenic states.
Indo-Pacific region
The hallucinogenic ‘dream’ fish (Blue seachub, damselfish
and goatfishes) were consumed by Filipinos and other
inhabitants of this region. These fish had psychoactive
substances in their flesh from eating psychoactive seaweed.
United States of
Opiate and other drug use was massive and indiscriminate
America and Britain
in the 19th century.
20th century onwards
United States of
Prohibition laws (trying to restrict alcohol consumption)
America
were introduced as it was believed that alcohol inevitably
provoked loss of control (this same view was extended to
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1920–1933
narcotics in the 20th century). The introduction of the
Prohibition laws ensured that the manufacturing and selling
of alcohol went ‘underground’, causing hundreds of people
to die from cheap, toxic substances mixed in their liquor by
unscrupulous brew makers, then sold illegally to ‘boot
leggers’ who sold this alcohol to willing consumers.
United States of
The Prohibition laws were revoked, making the
America
manufacturing and purchase of alcohol legal.
1933
Current day
The drug cartels and organised crime worldwide have
waged war on each other for many decades, but this has
failed to stop the growth of the $500 billion narcotics
industry (2001 figures).
There are currently almost 150 classes of drugs, all of which have been created primarily to
be used medicinally. Pharmacology is the study of how these chemicals’ actions affect living
organisms. It includes drug composition, interactions, therapeutic capabilities and toxicology.
Counsellors in the addiction and rehabilitation fields must have a working knowledge of all
the components of pharmacology.
One of the most important parts of pharmacology is the route of administration for a drug
compound, because this affects the intensity and speed of the drug’s action. There are 13
methods of administration, with primary routes including oral and injection (Doweiko, 2009).
Oral administration has the longest effect time because it involves the breakdown of the drug
compound in the stomach and intestines before it’s absorbed into the bloodstream. Because of
this, some abusers prefer to crush pills meant for oral administration and them inhale them
intra-nasally. This method provides a faster effect time because it provides the drug direct
access to the blood flow in the sinus cavity. Injection involves directly depositing the drug
compound into a muscle, vein or under the skin. One benefit of this method is an almost
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instant effect with no interference from the gastrointestinal tract.
When looking at the pharmacology of addiction, it is vital to look at all of the components of
how a substance is introduced, processed and eliminated from the human body. The faster a
drug compound can be absorbed (allowing the user experience a ‘high’) the greater the risk of
abuse and addiction by the user (Doweiko, 2009). Substance-abuse counsellors should be
knowledgeable about the pharmacology of the drugs that their clients abuse in order to
understand the complex nature of addiction. They must know drug benefits, side effects, risks
and symptoms in order to be most effective in their counselling.
Commonly used illicit drugs
Heroin – This drug can be injected, smoked or snorted. There is a high risk of contracting
HIV/AIDS or Hepatitus C due to frequent sharing of needles with those already infected. The
drug causes drowsiness, nausea, confusion, respiratory depression or arrest, coma, tolerance
and addiction among many other health risks.
Methamphetamine – Increasing availability is rapidly raising the popularity of
methamphetamine. The drug is highly addictive and comes in a variety of concentrations. Its
use has increased, presenting the concern that it may become the new cocaine within 10
years. Effects of this drug include (but are not limited to) violence and aggression, increased
blood pressure and heart rate, memory loss, neurological and cardiac damage, heart failure,
tolerance and addiction.
Ecstasy – This is the party drug of choice for many people wanting to enhance their social
experience who do not realise they will become addicted. This drug can cause confusion,
anxiety and depression. With regular use of the drug, these symptoms can continue for
weeks after using the drug.
Cocaine – Although considered many times more dangerous, it is almost as common as
marijuana. Highly addictive, cocaine can be smoked, snorted, eaten or injected. Among some
effects of this drug are increases in body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and
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metabolism.
Marijuana – It can be found in practically every small town and every large city across the
country. It remains the most popular drug of choice for teenagers and adults. Marijuana is
considered to be a gateway drug to more dangerous drugs. It causes euphoria, confusion,
decreased thought-processing and reaction time, impaired coordination, increased heart rate,
panic attacks, tolerance, addiction and other symptoms.
Summary
The history of substance use dates back many centuries as does society’s attitudes to the
various substances throughout history. More recent scientific advances have informed the
area of pharmacology, revealing the modes of action of alcohol and other drugs on the CNS.
This important development has allowed us to understand how different substances affect the
CNS at the cell-membrane level to interfere with neurotransmission, which in turn, has
enabled the development of a variety of pharmacotherapies that can form part of the
treatment for substance abuse.
Reading 4.1
This article discusses the impact of alcohol on the body and society:
Access the following reading via the learning portal.
Dufour, M. C. and Caces, M. F (1993) Epidemiology of the medical consequences of
alcohol..Alcohol Health & Research World. 17.4 (Fall 1993) p. 265.
To retrieve this reading, visit the ‘Online Library’ resource area in the learning portal. Select
‘Gale Database’ under ‘Databases’. Use the search function and details listed above to locate
this article.
Textbook reading
Please refer to your textbook, Erickson, C. (2011), pp. 37–44.
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Reading 4.2
The following article provides research on the pharmacology of cannibinoids.
Access the following reading via the learning portal.
Lupica, C. R., Riegel, A. C., & Hoffman, A. F. (2004). Marijuana and cannabinoid regulation
of brain reward circuits. British Journal of Pharmacology, 143(2), 227–34. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705931
To retrieve this reading, visit the ‘Online Library’ resource area in the learning portal. Select
‘Pro-Quest Database’ under ‘Databases’. Use the search function and details listed above to
locate this article.
Reading 4.3
The following reading provides information on the effects of various substances on the bodily
systems.
Access the following reading via the learning portal.
Drugs + your body: it isn’t pretty. (2012). Junior Scholastic/Current Events,115.5, 5 Nov. .
Retrieved from GeneralOneFile 22 February 2014:
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA307917834&v=2.1&u=think?=r&p=GPS
&sw=w&asid=cd2864fe13b84562e2b5b7c222fc8a9b
To retrieve this reading, visit the ‘Online Library’ resource area in the learning portal. Select
‘Gale Database’ under ‘Databases’. Use the search function and details listed above to locate
this article.
Reading 4.4
This article explores how neuro-imaging and cellular studies are influencing developments in
pharmocotherapy:
Access the following reading via the learning portal.
Kalivas, P. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2005). The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of
motivation and choice. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(8), 1403–13. Retrieved
from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220480350?accountid=112781
Week 4
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COU301A: Working with Addicted Populations
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