Instructions
Your essay answer should be clear and succinct, amounting to perhaps 3-5 sentences totaling 50 to 80 words; longer essays are strongly discouraged. It is recommended that you prepare your answer in a separate document from which you copy it into Canvas.
Please note that your answers to all questions must reflect your own work in your own choice of words. No collaboration is permitted in the submission of this assignment.

Question 1 5 pts
What factors control the transition from low marsh to high marsh in estuarine settings and what is the long-term effect of this process?

A strong answer will emphasize the critical role of water flow in salt marshes, the nature of the changes in sediment substrate from low to high marsh, and how coastlines change as marshes expand, noting how specific physical factors can influence this development.

Question 2 3 pts
Match the three locations (A, B, and C) in the image to the descriptors that best match their characteristics.

Location A in the image
[ Choose ]Reef crest (algal ridge)LagoonFringing reefPatch reefsAtoll
Location B in the image
[ Choose ]Reef crest (algal ridge)LagoonFringing reefPatch reefsAtoll
Location C in the image
[ Choose ]Reef crest (algal ridge)LagoonFringing reefPatch reefsAtoll

Question 3 1 pts
What characteristic of ocean waters is typically regarded are a limiting factor for the occurrence of coral reefs?

Ocean waters where the temperature exceeds 20 °C

Ocean waters where the temperature exceeds 15 °C

Ocean waters where the annual temperature variation is less than 3 °C

Ocean waters where the salinity exceeds 36 “°

Ocean waters where the salinity is less than 34 “°

Question 4 1 pts
Which of the following organisms is one of the top predators (tertiary consumers) in the trophic pyramid of a coral reef?

Octopuses

Sea urchins

Parrot fishes

Sea anemones

Brittle stars

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