What are your thoughts on ADULT prostitution? 
Remember, there are no right or wrong answers, this is your opinion.
CHAPTER 15: THE SEXUAL
MARKETPLACE: PROSTITUTION
& PORNOGRAPHY
ROGER R. HOCK
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• The “Oldest Profession’s” Oldest Brothel?
•
How old is the profession of prostitution?
•
Ancient Roman forum in Salonika
•
Bathhouse and brothel from more than 2,000 years ago
ARTIFACTS FROM ANCIENT BATH
HOUSES IN GREECE AND ITALY
LEAVE LITTLE DOUBT AS TO THE
SEXUAL NATURE OF THESE
ESTABLISHMENTS.
PROSTITUTION
• Defining “Prostitution”
•
Prostitute vs. “sex worker”
•
Sexual services exchanged for virtually anything
•
Historically, prostitution has been thought of and often legally defined as “acts furnished by a female to a
male.”
• Types of Prostitution
•
•
Streetwalkers
•
Sell services on the street
•
Greatest danger of all sex workers
Call Girls
•
See fewer clients, charge more
•
Contacted when services desired
STREET-WALKER PROSTITUTES
SELL SEXUAL SERVICES ON THE
STREET, TYPICALLY TO
CUSTOMERS WHO ARE
DRIVING BY, SEEKING SEXUAL
SERVICES.
PROSTITUTION
• Types of Prostitution
•
Brothel Workers
•
House prostitutes
•
Share fees with the house manager or madam
•
Safer practices, less likely to contract STIs
IN NEVADA, NOT ONLY IS PROSTITUTION LEGAL, BUT IT HAS BECOME A BIG BUSINESS. ALTHOUGH
BROTHELS IN NEVADA ARE REQUIRED BY LAW TO BE INCONSPICUOUS, OFTEN THE OPPOSITE IS TRUE. ONE
BROTHEL, THE “SHADY LADY,” IN NYE COUNTY, NEVADA, MAY REQUIRE A NAME CHANGE NOW THAT IT HAS
BEEN APPROVED TO ADD MALE PROSTITUTES TO SERVICE FEMALE CUSTOMERS.
PROSTITUTION
• Types of Prostitution
•
Male Prostitutes
•
Sell their services primarily to other males
•
Male hustling is clearly linked to various drug abuse and health issues.
MALE PROSTITUTES,
REFERRED TO AS
HUSTLERS, ACCOUNT FOR
MORE THAN A THIRD OF
ALL PROSTITUTION
ARRESTS IN THE UNITED
STATES.
PROSTITUTION
• Who Becomes a Prostitute?
•
The backgrounds of prostitutes
•
Life experiences do not by any means fully explain motivations
•
Chronological sequence of drug use and prostitution
•
Sexually active earlier in life
•
1.3 to 2.5 years
FIGURE 15.1 AGE OF DRUG USE AND PROSTITUTION ONSET AMONG SEX TRADE WORKERS
AS SHOWN IN THE DATA FOR ONE STUDY, THE AGE AT WHICH YOUNG WOMEN BEGIN INTRAVENOUS DRUG
USE CORRESPONDS CLOSELY TO ENTRY INTO PROSTITUTION.
SOURCE: “AGE OF DRUG USE AND PROSTITUTION ONSET AMONG SEX TRADE WORKERS,” FROM “PATHWAYS
TO PROSTITUTION: THE CHRONOLOGY OF SEXUAL AND DRUG ABUSE MILESTONES,” BY J. POTTERAT ET AL.,
IN JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH, (1998), PP. 333–340. COPYRIGHT © 1998. REPRINTED BY PERMISSION OF
THE SOCIETY FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF SEX.
FIGURE 15.2 AGE OF ONSET OF
SEXUAL ACTIVITY: PROSTITUTES
VERSUS COMPARISON GROUP
AGE OF FIRST SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE, FIRST CONSENSUAL
SEX, AND THE BEGINNING OF
REGULAR SEXUAL ACTIVITY WAS
SIGNIFICANTLY EARLIER FOR GIRLS
WHO ENTERED PROSTITUTION.
SOURCE: “AGE OF ONSET OF
SEXUAL ACTIVITY,” FROM
“PATHWAYS TO PROSTITUTION: THE
CHRONOLOGY OF SEXUAL AND
DRUG ABUSE MILESTONES,” BY J.
POTTERAT ET AL., JOURNAL OF SEX
RESEARCH, (1998), PP. 333–340.
COPYRIGHT © 1998. REPRINTED BY
PERMISSION OF THE SOCIETY FOR
THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF SEX.
PROSTITUTION
• Prostitution: Usually Not a Profession of Choice
•
Prostitution by choice?
•
Forced prostitution and sex trafficking
•
•
Threats of bodily harm
•
Coercion into streetwalking
•
Significantly increased risk of rape and other sexual violence
Prostitution and drug abuse
FIGURE 15.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EVOLUTION OF A PROSTITUTE
AN INTERACTIVE MODEL MAY BEST ILLUSTRATE THE VARIOUS FACTORS THAT CAN
LEAD A YOUNG PERSON INTO PROSTITUTION.
IN WHAT HAS BECOME
A WORLDWIDE
TRAGEDY, MILLIONS OF
YOUNG GIRLS FROM
IMPOVERISHED
COUNTRIES
THROUGHOUT THE
WORLD HAVE BEEN
COERCED, FORCED, AND
SOLD INTO SEXUAL
SLAVERY IN THE UNITED
STATES AND OTHER
WESTERN COUNTRIES.
PROSTITUTION
• Prostitution and STIs
•
•
Two highest-risk behaviors
•
Unprotected sexual activities
•
Sharing drug paraphernalia
Unprotected sex, drugs, and STIs
•
Far more common among streetwalker sex workers
•
Male transvestite prostitutes who impersonate women and service men
THE RISK IS ESPECIALLY
HIGH FOR TRANSVESTITE
MALE PROSTITUTES TO
SPREAD STIS
THROUGHOUT THE
GENERAL,
NONPROSTITUTE
POPULATION.
PROSTITUTION
• Prostitution and STIs
•
Brother workers and STIs
•
•
Reduced rate due to condom use insistence
Promoting sexual health among sex workers
•
Encourage and promote condom use
•
Routine screening
•
Access to retroviral therapy
• The Clients of Prostitutes
•
Usually called johns or tricks
•
Soliciting the services of a prostitute is a misdemeanor
•
Characteristics of clients of prostitutes
•
Most johns are employed, middle- to upper-class, educated, heterosexual, married males
PROSTITUTION
• What Do Prostitutes’ Clients Want?
•
Most commonly purchased activity is fellatio
•
Brief, uncomplicated sexual encounter
•
Avoid any emotional responsibilities or relationship
• Prostitution and the Law
•
Legalization of prostitution
•
Decriminalization of prostitution
•
•
Remove all criminal laws relating to prostitution
Debate is often extremely contentious.
IN AMSTERDAM, IN THE
NETHERLANDS, WHERE
PROSTITUTION IS LEGAL,
FEWER OF THE
CRIMINAL, HEALTH, AND
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
PROBLEMS EXIST THAN IN
COUNTRIES (INCLUDING
THE UNITED STATES)
WHERE PROSTITUTION IS
ILLEGAL.
PORNOGRAPHY
• Searching for a Definition
•
Any sexually explicit work deemed obscene according to legal criteria.
•
Very subjective
• The Moral Standard
•
First Amendment
•
Applying the Moral Standard
•
The Discrimination Standard
• Pornography or Erotica?
•
One person’s erotica is another’s pornography
•
One appreciates art, but consumes pornography
•
Sexual sharing versus sexual using
MOST RESEARCHERS TODAY
DRAW A DISTINCTION
BETWEEN PORNOGRAPHY,
IN WHICH WOMEN ARE
USED AND VICTIMIZED BY
MEN, AND EROTICA, SUCH
AS SHOWN HERE, WHICH
PORTRAYS MUTUAL DESIRE
AND EQUALITY IN SEXUAL
ACTIVITIES, EVEN THOUGH
THE SEXUAL CONTENT MAY
BE EQUALLY EXPLICIT.
PORNOGRAPHY
• The Effects of Pornography
•
Pornography and sexual arousal
•
Pornography and discrimination against women
•
Basic themes include:
• All women at all times want sex from all men.
• Women enjoy all the sexual acts that men perform or demand.
• Women can be easily turned with a little force.
RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT WOMEN TEND TO BE SEXUALLY AROUSED BY EXPLICIT SEXUAL SCENES OF ALL
SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS, BUT MEN ARE PRIMARILY AROUSED BY DEPICTIONS OF THEIR PERSONAL SEXUAL
ORIENTATION.
PORNOGRAPHY
• The Effects of Pornography
•
Pornography, violence, and rape
•
Correlational studies
•
Experimental research
•
The Violence-Not-Sex Hypothesis
•
Internet pornography
•
Cyberporn
• Child Pornography
•
Legal aspects of child pornography
•
Technological solutions to child pornography
•
Filtering unwanted sites
•
Google’s anti-child-pornography plan
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
Child Pornography and
the Law
Fighting Child
Pornography through
Greater Accessibility?
Technological Solutions
to Child Pornography