Quantitative Methods I
Evaluate Quantitative Journal Articles
While you develop your research project, you will immerse yourself in journal articles related to
the area of study you have selected. For this assignment, I am asking you to select 4 journal
articles that use a quantitative methodology and follow the table below to evaluate each article.
When reading a research article, you can start by reading the title and the abstract to orient
yourself to the article. You might also examine the headings in the article to see how it is
structured, then proceed to read the entire article.
points
3
Rubric
What was the research study about? What the researcher(s) wanted to learn
by conducting the research study?
3
List two theories used by the researchers and describe how each theory
helped explained a specific concept, relationship or process in the study.
2
What were the specific hypotheses of the study?
3
How was the research conducted? How the researcher collected the data used
to answer the research questions. (What was the sample of the study? Was
this survey research?)
3
What did the researchers find? What were the specific and detailed findings
of the research study?
3
What conclusions the researcher drew from the research study and what steps
were suggested for future research.
1
Provide the APA citation for the article.
2
Evaluate the research article. Do you think this was a good article? Yes, No,
Why?
When you answer the questions, please avoid quoting unless necessary. Paraphrase, use your
own words, and avoid copying and pasting sections from the journal article.
Please include an electronic copy of the articles with the evaluations.
1
Modified From: http://www.sagepub.com/bjohnsonstudy/howtoarticle.htm
Group 2
General Question:
What impacts has COVID-19 had on your household’s mental health?
Focused Questions:
Did your household experience increased levels of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Did your household experience increased levels of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Survey Questions
1. Did you experience anxiety or depression before the COVID-19 pandemic?
a. Yes
b. No
2. Have you experienced heightened anxiety levels due to the COVID-19 pandemic?
a. Yes
b. No
3. Rate your level of anxiety as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic:
unchanged 1——————————————10 severely increased
4. Have you experienced heightened levels of depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic?
a. Yes
b. No
5. Rate your level of depression as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic:
unchanged 1——————————————10 severely increased
6. Where did you receive the most COVID-19-related information?
(Rate these sources by the level of influence from 1 being the most influential to 7 being the least
influential.)
Television News Sources (Local or National
Newspaper (Local or National)
Social Media
Government Briefings
Television Advertisements
Radio Broadcasts
Internet Searches
7. Did your levels of anxiety decrease after COVID-19 vaccinations became available?
Remained unchanged 1———————————10 restored to pre-pandemic levels
8. Did your levels of depression decrease after COVID-19 vaccinations became available?
Remained unchanged 1———————————10 restored to pre-pandemic levels
9. Are you still experiencing heightened levels of anxiety/depression due to COVID-19?
a. Yes
b. No
10. Did you seek any mental health services as a result of heightened anxiety or depression due
to COVID-19?
a. Yes
b. No
11. If you did seek mental health services because of COVID-19, did you experience any
improvement in your anxiety/depression levels?
a.Yes
b.No
12. Did the COVID-19 outbreak influence your preparedness to handle anxiety or depression in
the future?
a. Yes
b. No
13. What is your level of preparedness to handle anxiety or depression if the COVID-19
pandemic worsens, on a scale of 1 to 10? (use a cross to pick your level)
[ 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 – 10 ]
The Impact of Covid-19 In US Households
Group 2
General Question:
What impacts has COVID-19 had on your household’s mental health?
Focused Questions:
Did your household experience increased levels of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Did your household experience increased levels of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Survey Questions
10. Did you seek any mental health services because of heightened anxiety or depression due
to COVID-19?
a. Yes
b. No
11. If you did seek mental health services because of COVID-19, did you experience any
improvement in your anxiety/depression levels?
a. Yes
b. No
12. Did the COVID-19 outbreak influence your preparedness to handle anxiety or depression in
the future?
a. Yes
b. No
13. What is your level of preparedness to handle anxiety or depression if the COVID-19
pandemic worsens, on a scale of 1 to 10. (Use a cross to pick your level)
[ 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 – 10 ]
THE IMPACT OF
CORONAVIRUS ON
HOUSEHOLDS ACROSS
AMERICA
September 2020
REPORT SUMMARY
Survey Background
The coronavirus pandemic has had unprecedented, widespread impacts on households
across America. As the virus spreads around the country, outbreaks and the resulting
economic shutdowns to contain its spread have caused problems in the lives of most
households. However, the most severe economic and health impacts have been
concentrated among a smaller group of households who are in crisis.
This survey focuses on examining the most serious problems facing U.S. households as a
result of the coronavirus outbreak, with an aim to identify vulnerable populations in
urgent need of government help or charitable aid. NPR, The Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health conducted a five-part
polling series in July August 2020 to examine the most serious health and financial
problems facing households across America prior to the expiration of federal coronavirus
support programs.
The coronavirus outbreak has created unusual problems for many individuals in
responding to requests for surveys. Because of this situation, this survey offered adults
three choices to complete the survey: online, landline, and telephone. The survey design
allowed greater capture of the general population and several hard-to-reach populations
beyond standard telephone polling methods. It was also designed to overcome internet
connectivity issues by a substantial share of households, as well as web-based
preferences among those with internet.
The findings of this series will be detailed in the following reports: (1) The Impact of
Coronavirus on Households Across America, this national summary report; (2) The
Impact of Coronavirus on Households, by Race/Ethnicity; (3) The Impact of Coronavirus
on Households in Major U.S. Cities, a report on the four largest U.S. cities (New York,
Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston); (4) The Impact of Coronavirus on Households in
Rural America; and (5) The Impact of Coronavirus on Households with Children.
This report details the experiences of households across the nation during the coronavirus
outbreak across different areas of their lives, including serious problems with their
finances, jobs, health care, housing, transportation, caregiving, and well-being. It was
conducted July 1 August 3, 2020, among a nationally representative, probability-based,
address-based sample of adults ages 18 or older. Of note, this survey was conducted at
one point in the continuing development of the coronavirus outbreak, and reported
experiences may change over time. In this series, adults were asked to report on serious
problems facing both themselves and others living in their households. Thus, for all
questions asked about the household, measures are reported as a percentage of
households.
1
Report Highlights
Billions of dollars have been appropriated by federal and state governments since the
start of the coronavirus outbreak, with the aim of broadly protecting Americans who are
particularly vulnerable during this time. Despite these actions, results from this survey
show that a substantial share of households across the U.S. have not been protected from
financial problems, reporting serious impacts across many areas of their lives.
A large share of U.S. households report facing serious financial problems during the
coronavirus outbreak, including majorities of Latino and Black households, a majority of
households whose incomes fall below $100,000, and a majority of households who have
experienced employment or wage losses during this time. These findings raise important
concerns about the limited financial resources of these households to weather long-term
financial and health effects of the coronavirus outbreak, as a large share have depleted
their savings and are having major problems paying for basic costs of living, including
food, rent, and medical care.
Main findings from this report include:
§
More than four in ten households across the nation (46%) report facing serious
financial problems during the coronavirus outbreak. The most-reported serious
problems among households include 31% who have used up all or most of their
savings, and an additional 10% who report not having any household savings prior to
the outbreak. About one in five U.S. households report serious problems paying their
credit card bills, loans, or other debt (21%), and paying their mortgage or rent (19%).
§
In addition, more than four in ten households (46%) report any adult household
members have lost their jobs, lost their businesses, been furloughed, or had wages or
hours reduced since the start of the coronavirus outbreak. Among households with job
or wage losses during the coronavirus outbreak, about two in three (68%) report
having serious financial problems.
§
There is a steep income gradient in serious financial problems faced by households
during the coronavirus outbreak, as a majority of those with annual incomes below
$100,000 (54%) report facing serious financial problems during the coronavirus
outbreak, compared with one in five (20%) households with annual incomes of
$100,000 or more.
§
In health care, one in five households (20%) report anyone in their household has
been unable to get medical care for a serious problem when they needed it during the
coronavirus outbreak, with a majority of those unable to get care (57%) reporting
negative health consequences as a result.
2
§
About one in eight households (13%) report anyone living with them works in health
care, specifically in-person at a health care institution providing patient care, such as
a hospital, nursing home, doctors office, or conducting in-home visits. Among
households with these health care workers, a majority (59%) report serious concerns
about their safety from coronavirus at work.
§
Since the start of the coronavirus outbreak, about six in ten households with children
(59%) report serious problems caring for their children, including more than one-third
(36%) who have had serious problems keeping their childrens education going. For
more details on experiences of households with children, please see the companion
report, The Impact of Coronavirus on Households with Children.
§
When it comes to internet connectivity, about one in three households with children
(34%) report either having serious problems with their internet connection to do
schoolwork or their jobs, or that they do not have a high-speed internet connection at
home.
§
Half or more households in the four largest U.S. citiesNew York City (53%), Los
Angeles (56%), Chicago (50%), and Houston (63%)report facing serious financial
problems during the coronavirus. Half or more households in these cities also report
any adult household members have lost their jobs, lost their businesses, been
furloughed, or had wages or hours reduced since the start of the coronavirus outbreak
(New York 50%, Los Angeles 61%, Chicago 51%, Houston 57%), which is
associated with widespread serious financial problems, ranging from depleting
savings to serious problems paying rent. For more details on experiences of
households in the four largest U.S. cities, please see the companion report, The
Impact of Coronavirus on Households in Major U.S. Cities.
§
When it comes to serious financial problems, majorities of Latino (72%), Black
(60%), and Native American (55%) households report facing serious financial
problems, as well as 37% of Asian and 36% of white households. For more details on
experiences of households by race/ethnicity, please see the companion report, The
Impact of Coronavirus on Households, By Race/Ethnicity.
§
Among households in rural areas, more than four in ten (42%) report facing serious
financial problems during the coronavirus outbreak, while a similar share (43%)
report any adult household members have lost their jobs, lost their businesses, been
furloughed, or had wages or hours reduced. For more details on experiences of
households in rural America, please see the companion report, The Impact of
Coronavirus on Households in Rural America.
§
When it comes to internet connectivity, about one in three rural households (34%)
report either having serious problems with their internet connection to do their jobs or
schoolwork, or that they do not have a high-speed internet connection at home.
3
INTRODUCTION
This summary national report, The Impact of Coronavirus on Households Across America, is
based on a five-part polling series conducted for NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,
and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. It details the experiences of households
across the nation during the coronavirus outbreak in different areas of their lives, including
serious problems with finances, employment, health care, housing, transportation, caregiving,
and well-being.
Table of Contents
SECTION I. MAIN FINDINGS
I.
Serious Financial Problems……………………………………………………………………… 5
II.
Serious Problems with Employment and Work …………………………………………… 7
III.
Serious Problems with Healthcare ………………………………………………………….. 10
IV.
Serious Problems Affording Food…………………………………………………………… 14
V.
Serious Problems Caring for Children……………………………………………………… 15
VI.
Serious Housing Problems …………………………………………………………………….. 16
VII.
Serious Transportation Problems ……………………………………………………………. 17
VIII. Other Serious Problems ………………………………………………………………………… 18
SECTION II. SUBGROUP FINDINGS
IX.
Serious Problems in Households, by Income…………………………………………….. 19
X.
Serious Problems in Households with Special Health Issues ……………………….. 20
XI.
Serious Problems of Households in Major Cities……………………………………….. 21
XII.
Serious Problems of Households in Rural Areas ……………………………………….. 22
SECTION III. METHODS
XIII. Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
This poll was conducted July 1 August 3, 2020, among a probability-based, address-based,
representative sample of 3,454 U.S. adults ages 18 or older. Adults were asked to report on
serious problems facing both themselves and others living in their households. As a result, for
all questions asked about the household, measures are reported as a percentage of
households. Race/ethnicity is categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic Black,
Latino, Asian, and Native American. * Respondents self-reported their own race/ethnicity, and
the racial/ethnic identity of others living in respondents households was not asked. As a
result, measures are reported as a percentage of households according to the respondents
own race/ethnicity (e.g., Latino households). Income categories (reported 2019 household
income) are set at
