Shungu et al. performed a review of Youtube videos that discuss prostate cancer screening in Black men (Shungu et al. 2021). This was performed due to the concern regarding misinformation available online and on social media, particularly pertaining to Black men. To do this, four viewers watch the top 50 Youtube videos by searching ‘Prostate Cancer Screening in Black Men’. Each author reviewed the video according to a validated quality criteria for consumer health (DISCERN) and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). The authors demonstrated that only 16% of videos met the DISCERN quality threshold and 28% for the PEMAT threshold. Specifically, less than half discussed racial disparities for prostate cancer, particularly for Black men. The authors concluded that the overall quality of videos was poor, including those with Black presenters. Another study that reviewed 150 videos of prostate cancer using the same quality metrics also demonstrated misinformation in over 77% (Loeb et a. 2019).As Youtube is the most common social media used by Black men, the poor quality of available videos is concerning. Physicians should be aware of the lack of information about prostate cancer available online. As few of the videos describe prostate cancer screening for Black men, there is room for improvement. More updated and focused videos on Youtube describing the racial disparities are warranted to increase awareness of prostate cancer risks. This is particularly relevant as Black men are at higher risk of prostate cancer, worse stage at presentation, and poor outcomes including cancer specific survival (Chowdhury-Paulino et al. 2021).—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————–This study used a community-engaged research approach to create and test a risk communication strategy to prevent teen vaping. A 36-member Teen Advisory Council and a 19-member Expert Panel assisted the study team. The team collaborated on the campaign created using a survey (N = 674) and focus group (N = 82) techniques and hiring a marketing firm to help with the campaign development. Teens received three messages from the campaign: what’s in the vapor, health dangers, and ties to big tobacco. The campaign included posting ad videos on YouTube ( https://bit.ly/2QMR8gH) and creating a micro-site (rethinkvape.org)showing the VAPE and its risks. Also, they created social media accounts (@rethinkvape). Following the review, the team executed a 6-week online media campaign targeting teens, resulting in 3,838,465 impressions, 770,443 completed video views, and 18,316 clicks across the mobile app, Snapchat, YouTube, and Spotify platforms. The majority of placements outperformed industry expectations, with mobile pre-roll and Snapchat topping the list. The sample was an online convenience sample from a regional area; thus, the results may not be generalizable. To safeguard the teenagers’ privacy and waive written parental permission, the IRB required online anonymity; it is thus conceivable that some of the samples were not the age indicated. This campaign focused on adolescents and vaping, which is related to the health behavior and target subpopulation that my health campaign will be on. This campaign also focused specifically on the needs of adolescents and their beliefs that e-cigarettes or vape are less dangerous than smoking cigarettes, an idea that is very wrong and widespread among teenagers. Also, this is an essential point that my health campaign will focus on. In addition, because the campaign needs to be promoted and some companies need expensive amounts, it’s possible to promote my campaign in a less costly or inexpensive way. Tags: cancer screening prostate cancer black men diseases test and diagnose of cancer information about prostate cancer Health Campaign on Vaping Student has agreed that all tutoring, explanations, and answers provided by the tutor will be used to help in the learning process and in accordance with Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.
Reference List: Basic Rules
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.
This resource, revised according to the 7th edition APA Publication Manual, provides fundamental guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.).
Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we’ve highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.
Formatting a Reference List
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page “References” in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
Basic Rules for Most Sources
- All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
- All authors’ names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
- Authors’ first and middle names should be written as initials.
- For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with “Smith, J. M.”
- If a middle name isn’t available, just initialize the author’s first name: “Smith, J.”
- Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
- Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
- For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
- When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
- Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
- Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
- Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.
Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals
- Present journal titles in full.
- Italicize journal titles.
- Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
- For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Present instead of Past and Present.
- Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.
- This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources’ titles do not.
- Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.
- Do not italicize or underline the article title.
- Do not enclose the article title in quotes.
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
- Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
- …but you would write the journal title as follows:
- Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication
- So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled “Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench” that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:
Please note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.
